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Style
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Abbreviations
Abbreviations should be avoided, with the exceptions noted in this style sheet. In the text, the words “table,” “figure,” “plate,” “chapter” and “appendix” are spelled out, not capitalized and not preceded by “see.” Recast sentences to avoid cf., e.g., i.e., etc. Metric measurement units are abbreviated and without periods, English measurements are spelled out. 15
x 20 cm (6 x 8 inch)
Circa (ca.) is used with dates, not distances or measurements. Use "approximately," "about," "around," "nearly" or "roughly" instead. Use Ph.D. and M.A., but UCLA rather than U.C.L.A. and US rather that U.S. (or U.S.A.). As they retain their original last letter, “Dr” and “Mr” are not followed by a period. Long names and terms that are mentioned frequently may be abbreviated once they have been introduced, in parenthesis, after the full name. Supreme Council of
Antiquities (SCA)
Eastern Desert Ware (EDW) Appendices Appendices are numbered "A," "B," "C," etc. in sequence. Figures and tables appearing in appendices are numbered in continuation of those in the chapter. All stylistic elements apply also to the appendices. Bibliography Information in the bibliography must include the following, in this order: author(s); date of publication; title; source of the article with journal or book volume; place of publication; publisher; page numbers. Elements are separated by commas. Titles of books and journals are italic, all other titles are roman. Titles are in lower case, except for the initial capital and proper names. A subtitle also has an initial capital. Adams, W.Y. (1984),
Nubia: Corridor to
Africa, London
(Allen Lane), Princeton (Princeton University).
Araus, J.L., J.P. Ferrio, R. Buxo and J. Voltas (2007), The historical perspective of dryland agriculture: Lessons learned from 10,000 years of wheat cultivation, Journal of Experimental Botany 58,2: 131–145. Arnold, D. (1993), "Techniques and Traditions of Manufacture in the Pottery of Ancient Egypt," in D. Arnold and J. Bourriau (eds.), An introduction to Ancient Egyptian pottery: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Abteilung Kairo: Fascile 1: Sonderschrift 17, Mainz am Rhein (Verlag Philip von Zabern), pp. 1–146. Baines, J. and J. Malek (2000), Cultural atlas of Ancient Egypt [revised edition], Abingdon (Andromeda Oxford Ltd). Shepard, A.O. (1976), Ceramics for the archaeologist [fifth printing of the 1954 manuscript], Washington DC (Carnegie Institution). For three or more authors, use "et al." (not italic) in the main text, this is not acceptable in the bibliography. Adams, W.Y., L.J.
Abel,
D.E. Arnold, N. Chittick, W.M. Davis, P. De Maret, R.
Fattovich, H.J.
Franken, C.C. Kolb, T.P. Myers, M.P. Simmons and E.L.
Syms (1979), On
the argument from ceramics to history: A challenge
based on evidence
from Medieval Nubia [and Comments and Reply], Current Anthropology
20,4: 727-744.
Two or more works published in the same year by the same author are distinguished by lower case letters following the date with no space. Keimer, L. (1952a),
Notes
prises chez les Bišarīn et les Nubiens d’Assouan:
Deuxième
partie, Bulletin de
l’Institut
d’Égypte 33, Session 1950–1951: 42–84.
Keimer, L. (1952b), Notes prises chez les Bišarīn et les Nubiens d’Assouan: Troisième partie, Bulletin de l’Institut d’Égypte 33, Session 1950–1951: 85–136. Place of publication should be
given in English.
Badawi, F.A.
(1976), Die
Römische Gräberfelder von Sayala-Nubien,
Vienna
(Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften).
Webpages are cited in full in a footnote (not the bibliography) with information on when the page was consulted. http://www.archbase.org/ED/stylesheet
(accessed
25 November 2008)
Calendar Calendar dates are expressed as day-month-year. 25 November 2008
Months and days of the week are spelled out in the text; three letter abbreviations may be used in tables. 25 Nov. 2008
BCE and CE are used preferentially, capitalized with no periods, BP for calibrated radio-carbon dates and bp for uncalibrated radio-carbon dates. In a range of dates the first should appear first. 100 BCE–100
CE
1960s has no apostrophe. Capitalization A title used with a full name is capitalized and abbreviated. When used with the last name only, it is capitalized and spelled out. Dr John Bintliff
(no
period)
Prof. John Bintliff Professor Bintliff With a place name, generic terms like "lake," "mountain," "river," "valley" or "plain" are capitalized. The Eastern Desert
is
situated between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea.
The desert east of the Nile is referred to as the Eastern Desert. Names of geological and cultural periods are capitalized, including modifiers like "Early," "Middle" or "Late," but not words like "epoch" or "period." Early Iron Age
The Pliocene period
Seasons and points of the compass are not capitalized, unless they refer to a specific geographical or political division. Northern
Ireland
southeast Egypt Words either side of a hyphen are both capitalized if each can be used independently. Attorney-General
Land-Rover anti-Communist pro-Republican Citations When an author is cited, the date should follow in parenthesis. When a publication in cited, both author and date are in parenthesis. The site was first
described by Brownberry
(1976:43-52).
Other examples can be found at Gomolava (Bruckner et al. 1980, 1988; Stalio 1984a, b). Use a colon with no space between date and page number. Use a comma to separate works, in chronological order, by the same author. Multiple citations should be alphabetical or chronological, but consistently so throughout the chapter. (Arnold
1993; Bruckner et al. 1988;
Stalio 1984)
(Stalio 1984; Bruckner et al. 1988; Arnold 1993) Lower-case letters indicate multiple publications by one author in a single year. A semicolon separates works by different authors. If two authors are listed in the bibliography have the same last name, their initials should be included in the citation. (A.B. Smith 2008;
S.T.
Smith 2008)
In the text, use "et al." (not italic) when citing a work by more than three authors. The bibliography should have the complete list of authors. Do not use "ibid.", "op.cit.", "loc.cit." and "idem." When an illustration is used from another publication, the caption should refer to the original, introduced by "after," in parenthesis immediately following the figure number. Figure 1 (after
Brownberry
1976): Plan of the site.
Webpages are cited in full in a footnote (not the bibliography) with information on when the page was consulted. http://www.archbase.org/ED/stylesheet
(accessed
25 November 2008)
Hyphenation There should be no spaces on either side of a hyphen. Prefixes are generally joined to the base word, unless the latter is capitalized when a hyphen is used. preceramic
pre-Roman Words either side of a hyphen are both capitalized if each can be used independently. Attorney-General
Land-Rover anti-Communist pro-Republican Hyphenate descriptive terms that include a preposition as well as fractions when spelled out. black-on-red ware
Use hyphens to connect two words denoting a single object
and to
separate contractions resulting in two adjacent vowels.three-fifths dining-table
grown-up blue-gray co-operate ethno-archaeology semi-invalid
Hyphens can also be used to indicate a difference in meaning. re-form
versus
reform
re-sign versus resign Illustrations Maximum dimensions of any illustration are 15 x 20 cm (6 x 8 inch). Illustrations can include drawings, maps, charts, graphs and photographs. All are referred to as figures and are numbered consecutively within each chapter. Each figure should be preceded by a call-out in the text. On maps, natural features (rivers, seas, mountains) should be italic. Figure captions are placed below the figure, the word "Figure" should be spelled out and capitalized. Numbers should be in arabic numerals followed by a colon. The caption is followed by a period. Illustration references should be included in the caption, in parenthesis directly following the figure number; credits are placed at the end of the caption. Figure 1 (after
Brownberry
1976): Plan of the site.
Figure 1: Plan of the site (surveyed and drawn by Fred Aldsworth). Scales should be included in all illustrations. Lacking scales, include the actual size in the caption. Italics In general, phrases and words in languages other than English are italicized. When a foreign word is used regularly throughout the text it should be in italics first, followed by an English translation, and in roman thereafter. Avoid the use of italics for emphasis or special usage; recast a sentence to give the needed emphasis. When defining a technical term, the term is italicized. Titles of books and journals are italicized. Linnaean biological terms Genus and species are italicized, but not their derivates. Phylum, class, order and family are not italicized. Balanites
aegyptica
Mytilus sp. The Rosaceae family Capitalize genus, but not species. Do not italicize the abbreviation "sp." or "spp." in a biological name. When used in italicized text, Linnaean names should be in roman type. Lists Preferably recast sentences to avoid lists, use numbering only when procedural. Measurements The metric system is preferred, English measurements may be included in parenthesis. Make sure, however, that the conversion is accurate. Units are abbreviated with no period. Use symbols for percent (%) and degree (°). For square measurements, use "x" and not "by." Do not repeat unit or symbol after each number. 15
x 20 cm (6 x 8 inch)
When citing a measurement range in sentence form, use a preposition ("to" or "between") rather than a hyphen. Geographical coordinates have a space between degrees and minutes, but not between minutes and seconds. 19°N 23'12" /
35°E 45'20"
Notes Use footnotes sparingly, endnotes are not used. A sentence in parenthesis or dashes is preferable to a footnote. Webpages are cited in full in a footnote (not the bibliography) with information on when the page was consulted. http://www.archbase.org/ED/stylesheet
(accessed
25
November 2008)
Note numbers in the text are placed outside directly after punctuation (except a dash). Do not place note numbers with captions or titles. Numbers Use arabic numerals, except where citations require roman numerals. Up to four numerals are written without divider, five and more are separated by commas every third digit. 123
1234 12,345 123,456 1,234,567 Spell out numbers one through ten, except in measurements. Use digits for numbers larger than 10, it is appropriate to use "a hundred" or "ten thousand." Spell out any number at the beginning of a sentence, but rather recast a sentence to avoid this. Spell out ordinal numbers below ten, higher numbers can be given as 12th, 13th, etc. second to third
century CE
20th century Use all the digits of page numbers and years. pp. 213-251
1150-1120 BCE Fractions used alone are spelled out; decimal fractions are preceded by zero. two-thirds of the
population
0.25% Punctuation A colon, comma or period is followed by only one space (not two). Use square brackets to enclose a parenthetical element already within parentheses. Use a colon after a statement introducing a list, but not when a verb precedes the listing. The petroglyphs
carried
a variety of motifs: single parallel lines, wavy or
zigzag
lines, dot designs and circles.
The grave goods included an iron knife, a pair of metal earrings, a bronze ring and several iron nails. Use a colon after a statement followed by a closely related explanation or illustration. Avoid the "Oxford comma." "red, white and
blue"
rather than "red, white, and blue"
Use a comma before "and," "but," "nor" and "or" when they join two independent clauses, but not when the second clause does not contain a subject nor a predicate. Objects made of
mica
usually have fragile, weak
edges, and the paper-thin layers can easily be broken
off.
Objects made of mica are fragile and can be easily broken. Use a comma to set off appositive words and phrases but not to separate restrictive expressions. The diagnostic
wares, Gray
Luster and Gray Luster
Channeled, were found in both levels.
Both levels contained the diagnostic wares Gray Luster and Gray Luster Channeled. Use a comma between adjectives modifying the same noun (when "and" can be placed between the adjectives without changing the meaning of the sentence). Very dark,
burnished
finewares were found.
Use a comma to indicate the omission of an obvious word or phrase. A surface survey
showed
the first site to be liberally covered with
sherds; the
second, less so.
Use a dash to emphasis appositive expressions in a sentence that already has other internal punctuation or to indicate an abrupt change in thought or in sentence structure. There should be no space on either side of a dash. Do not overuse the dash. Use parenthesis around explanatory, nonessential material used within a sentence, for instance to enclose references, directions, sources of information or to enclose the translation of a foreign word of phrase. A sentence in parenthesis or dashes is preferable to a footnote. Use a semicolon between independent clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction. Almost half of the
used
artifacts had preserved bulbs of percussion; more than
half
had truncated bulbs.
Use a semicolon between elements in a listing where there are commas within the elements. Use a semicolon before conjunctive adverbs such as "therefore," "however" or "nevertheless" connecting two independent clauses. If corrosion is
advanced,
the lead will have cracks
on the surface and in the underlying metal; therefore,
it will crack
and fragment easily.
As they retain their original last letter, “Dr” and “Mr” are not followed by a period. A comma and period are placed within the quotation marks, a colon and semicolon outside. Use a comma before
"and,"
"but," "nor" and "or."
Quotations Brief quotations are kept within the text and set off with quotation marks. The quotation should be followed by its source in brackets. If longer than three lines, quotations are set off from the text by indenting the text and leaving extra space above and below. Do not use quotation marks. A quotation should be followed by its source in parenthesis. Use three dots to indicate where part of the quotation has been omitted. Use brackets to contain inserted material. As is evident from
the
recently published statement “The mDAjw [Medjay] form
part of the
ancestors of the modern Beja ... the term mDA(j) is
used as a general
expression for the Beja mountains and the native Beja
inhabitants”
(Zibelius-Chen 2007).
A comma and period are placed within the quotation marks, a colon and semicolon outside. Spelling American spelling is always used except where not possible, as in book titles or quotations. Diacritical marks must be used where necessary. Circa (ca.) is used with dates, not distances or measurements. Use "approximately," "about," "around," "nearly" or "roughly" instead. Tables Tables are numbered consecutively within each chapter. The table caption is placed above the table and followed by a colon. References should be included in the caption, in parenthesis directly following the table number, credits can be placed at the end of the caption. Table 1 (modified
after
Krzywinski and Pierce 2001:92-93): Overview of the
main periods of
drought and famine in the Sudanese part of the Eastern
Desert:
Table 1: Overview of the main periods of drought and famine in the Sudanese part of the Eastern Desert (data collected by Knut Krzywinski and Richard Pierce): Each table should be preceded by a call-out in the text. |
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